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''ラテン語:Casus belli'' is a Latin expression meaning "An act or event that provokes or is used to justify war".〔(The Free Dictionary: ''casus belli'' )〕 ''Casus'' is a 4th declension masculine noun. Related to the English word "case", ''ラテン語:casus'' can mean "case", "incident", or "rupture". ''Belli'' is the genitive singular case of ''bellum, belli'', a neuter noun of the 2nd declension. ''ラテン語:Belli'' means ''of war''. A nation's ''casus belli'' involves direct offenses or threats against it, whereas a nation's ''ラテン語:casus foederis'' involves offenses or threats to an ally nation or nations—usually one with which it has a mutual defense pact, such as NATO. Either may be considered an The term came into wide use in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the writings of Hugo Grotius (1653), Cornelius van Bynkershoek (1707), and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1732), among others, and due to the rise of the political doctrine of ''jus ad bellum'' or "just war theory". The term is also used informally to refer to any "just cause" a nation may claim for entering into a conflict. It is used retrospectively to describe situations that arose before the term came into wide use, as well as being used to describe present-day situations—even those in which war has not been formally declared. In formally articulating a casus belli, a government typically lays out its reasons for going to war, its intended means of prosecuting the war, and the steps that others might take to dissuade it from going to war. It attempts to demonstrate that it is going to war only as a last resort (''ultima ratio'') and that it has "just cause" for doing so. Modern international law recognizes only three lawful justifications for waging war: self-defense, defense of an ally required by the terms of a treaty, and approval by the United Nations. Proschema (plural ''proschemata'') is the equivalent Greek term, first popularized by Thucydides in his ''History of the Peloponnesian War''. The proschemata are the stated reasons for waging war, which may or may not be the same as the real reasons, which Thucydides called prophasis (). Thucydides argued that the three primary real reasons for waging war are reasonable fear, honor, and interest, while the stated reasons involve appeals to nationalism or fearmongering (as opposed to descriptions of reasonable, empirical causes for fear). == Reasons for use == Countries need a public justification for attacking another country, both to galvanize internal support for the war and to gain the support of potential allies. In the post-World-War-II era, the UN Charter prohibits signatory countries from engaging in war except: 1) as a means of defending themselves - or an ally where treaty obligations require it - against aggression; 2) unless the UN as a body has given prior approval to the operation. The UN also reserves the right to ask member nations to intervene against non-signatory countries that embark on wars of aggression. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「casus belli」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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